MySQL Reference Manual for version 4.1.1-alpha.

• 1 General Information
  • 1.1 About This Manual
    • 1.1.1 Conventions Used in This Manual
  • 1.2 Overview of the MySQL Database Management System
    • 1.2.1 History of MySQL
    • 1.2.2 The Main Features of MySQL
    • 1.2.3 Stability of MySQL
    • 1.2.4 How Big MySQL Tables Can Be
    • 1.2.5 Year 2000 Compliance
  • 1.3 Overview of MySQL AB
    • 1.3.1 The Business Model and Services of MySQL AB
      • 1.3.1.1 Support
      • 1.3.1.2 Training and Certification
      • 1.3.1.3 Consulting
      • 1.3.1.4 Commercial Licenses
      • 1.3.1.5 Partnering
    • 1.3.2 Contact Information
  • 1.4 MySQL Support and Licensing
    • 1.4.1 Support Offered by MySQL AB
    • 1.4.2 Copyrights and Licenses Used by MySQL
    • 1.4.3 MySQL Licenses
      • 1.4.3.1 Using the MySQL Software Under a Commercial License
      • 1.4.3.2 Using the MySQL Software for Free Under GPL
    • 1.4.4 MySQL AB Logos and Trademarks
      • 1.4.4.1 The Original MySQL Logo
      • 1.4.4.2 MySQL Logos that may be Used Without Written Permission
      • 1.4.4.3 When You Need Written Permission to Use MySQL Logos
      • 1.4.4.4 MySQL AB Partnership Logos
      • 1.4.4.5 Using the Word MySQL in Printed Text or Presentations
      • 1.4.4.6 Using the Word MySQL in Company and Product Names
  • 1.5 MySQL Development Roadmap
    • 1.5.1 MySQL 4.0 in a Nutshell
      • 1.5.1.1 Features Available in MySQL 4.0
      • 1.5.1.2 Embedded MySQL Server
    • 1.5.2 MySQL 4.1 in a Nutshell
      • 1.5.2.1 Features Available in MySQL 4.1
      • 1.5.2.2 Stepwise Rollout
      • 1.5.2.3 Ready for Immediate Development Use
    • 1.5.3 MySQL 5.0, The Next Development Release
  • 1.6 MySQL and the Future (The TODO)
    • 1.6.1 New Features Planned for 4.1
    • 1.6.2 New Features Planned for 5.0
    • 1.6.3 New Features Planned for 5.1
    • 1.6.4 New Features Planned for the Near Future
    • 1.6.5 New Features Planned for the Mid-Term Future
    • 1.6.6 New Features We Don't Plan to Do
  • 1.7 MySQL Information Sources
    • 1.7.1 MySQL Mailing Lists
      • 1.7.1.1 The MySQL Mailing Lists
      • 1.7.1.2 Asking Questions or Reporting Bugs
      • 1.7.1.3 How to Report Bugs or Problems
      • 1.7.1.4 Guidelines for Answering Questions on the Mailing List
    • 1.7.2 MySQL Community Support on IRC (Internet Relay Chat)
  • 1.8 MySQL Standards Compliance
    • 1.8.1 What Standards MySQL Follows
    • 1.8.2 Running MySQL in ANSI Mode
    • 1.8.3 MySQL Extensions to the SQL-92 Standard
    • 1.8.4 MySQL Differences Compared to SQL-92
      • 1.8.4.1 Subqueries
      • 1.8.4.2 SELECT INTO TABLE
      • 1.8.4.3 Transactions and Atomic Operations
      • 1.8.4.4 Stored Procedures and Triggers
      • 1.8.4.5 Foreign Keys
      • 1.8.4.6 Views
      • 1.8.4.7 `--' as the Start of a Comment
    • 1.8.5 How MySQL deals with constraints
      • 1.8.5.1 Constraint PRIMARY KEY / UNIQUE
      • 1.8.5.2 Constraint NOT NULL and DEFAULT values
      • 1.8.5.3 Constraint ENUM and SET
    • 1.8.6 Known Errors and Design Deficiencies in MySQL
      • 1.8.6.1 Errors in 3.23 Fixed in a Later MySQL Version
      • 1.8.6.2 Errors in 4.0 Fixed in a Later MySQL Version
      • 1.8.6.3 Open Bugs / Design Deficiencies in MySQL
• 2 Installing MySQL
  • 2.1 General Installation Issues
    • 2.1.1 Operating Systems Supported by MySQL
    • 2.1.2 Choosing Which MySQL Distribution to Install
      • 2.1.2.1 How and When Updates Are Released
      • 2.1.2.2 Release Philosophy--No Known Bugs in Releases
      • 2.1.2.3 MySQL Binaries Compiled by MySQL AB
    • 2.1.3 How to Get MySQL
    • 2.1.4 Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or GnuPG
    • 2.1.8 Installation Layouts
  • 2.2 Standard MySQL Installation from a Binary Distribution
    • 2.2.1 Installing MySQL on Windows
      • 2.2.1.1 Windows System Requirements
      • 2.2.1.2 Installing a Windows Binary Distribution
      • 2.2.1.3 Preparing the Windows MySQL Environment
      • 2.2.1.4 Selecting a Windows Server
      • 2.2.1.5 Starting the Server for the First Time
      • 2.2.1.6 Starting MySQL from the Windows Command Line
      • 2.2.1.7 Starting MySQL as a Windows Service
      • 2.2.1.8 Running MySQL on Windows
      • 2.2.1.9 MySQL on Windows Compared to MySQL on Unix
    • 2.2.2 Installing MySQL on Linux
    • 2.2.3 Installing MySQL on Mac OS X
    • 2.2.4 Installing MySQL on NetWare
    • 2.2.5 Installing MySQL on HP-UX
    • 2.2.6 Installing a MySQL Binary Distribution
  • 2.3 Installing a MySQL Source Distribution
    • 2.3.1 Quick Source Installation Overview
    • 2.3.2 Applying Patches
    • 2.3.3 Typical configure Options
    • 2.3.4 Installing from the Development Source Tree
    • 2.3.5 Dealing With Problems Compiling MySQL
    • 2.3.6 MIT-pthreads Notes
    • 2.3.7 Installing MySQL from Source on Windows
      • 2.3.7.1 Building MySQL Using VC++
      • 2.3.7.2 Creating a Windows Source Package from the Latest Development Source
    • 2.3.8 Compiling MySQL Clients on Windows
  • 2.4 Post-installation Setup and Testing
    • 2.4.1 Problems Running mysql_install_db
    • 2.4.2 Starting and Troubleshooting the MySQL Server
    • 2.4.3 Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically
  • 2.5 Upgrading/Downgrading MySQL
    • 2.5.1 Upgrading from Version 4.0 to 4.1
    • 2.5.2 Upgrading from Version 3.23 to 4.0
    • 2.5.3 Upgrading from Version 3.22 to 3.23
    • 2.5.4 Upgrading from Version 3.21 to 3.22
    • 2.5.5 Upgrading from Version 3.20 to 3.21
    • 2.5.6 Upgrading MySQL under Windows
    • 2.5.7 Upgrading the Grant Tables
    • 2.5.8 Upgrading to Another Architecture
  • 2.6 Operating System Specific Notes
    • 2.6.1 Linux Notes (All Linux Versions)
      • 2.6.1.1 Linux Notes for Binary Distributions
      • 2.6.1.2 Linux x86 Notes
      • 2.6.1.3 Linux SPARC Notes
      • 2.6.1.4 Linux Alpha Notes
      • 2.6.1.5 Linux PowerPC Notes
      • 2.6.1.6 Linux MIPS Notes
      • 2.6.1.7 Linux IA-64 Notes
    • 2.6.2 Solaris Notes
      • 2.6.2.1 Solaris 2.7/2.8 Notes
      • 2.6.2.2 Solaris x86 Notes
    • 2.6.3 BSD Notes
      • 2.6.3.1 FreeBSD Notes
      • 2.6.3.2 NetBSD Notes
      • 2.6.3.3 OpenBSD 2.5 Notes
      • 2.6.3.4 OpenBSD 2.8 Notes
      • 2.6.3.5 BSD/OS Version 2.x Notes
      • 2.6.3.6 BSD/OS Version 3.x Notes
      • 2.6.3.7 BSD/OS Version 4.x Notes
    • 2.6.4 Mac OS X Notes
      • 2.6.4.1 Mac OS X 10.x (Darwin)
      • 2.6.4.2 Mac OS X Server 1.2 (Rhapsody)
    • 2.6.5 Other Unix Notes
      • 2.6.5.1 HP-UX Version 10.20 Notes
      • 2.6.5.2 HP-UX Version 11.x Notes
      • 2.6.5.3 IBM-AIX notes
      • 2.6.5.4 SunOS 4 Notes
      • 2.6.5.5 Alpha-DEC-UNIX Notes (Tru64)
      • 2.6.5.6 Alpha-DEC-OSF/1 Notes
      • 2.6.5.7 SGI Irix Notes
      • 2.6.5.8 SCO Notes
      • 2.6.5.9 SCO UnixWare Version 7.1.x Notes
    • 2.6.6 OS/2 Notes
    • 2.6.7 BeOS Notes
  • 2.7 Perl Installation Notes
    • 2.7.1 Installing Perl on Unix
    • 2.7.2 Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows
    • 2.7.3 Problems Using the Perl DBI/DBD Interface
• 3 MySQL Tutorial
  • 3.1 Connecting to and Disconnecting from the Server
  • 3.2 Entering Queries
  • 3.3 Creating and Using a Database
    • 3.3.1 Creating and Selecting a Database
    • 3.3.2 Creating a Table
    • 3.3.3 Loading Data into a Table
    • 3.3.4 Retrieving Information from a Table
      • 3.3.4.1 Selecting All Data
      • 3.3.4.2 Selecting Particular Rows
      • 3.3.4.3 Selecting Particular Columns
      • 3.3.4.4 Sorting Rows
      • 3.3.4.5 Date Calculations
      • 3.3.4.6 Working with NULL Values
      • 3.3.4.7 Pattern Matching
      • 3.3.4.8 Counting Rows
      • 3.3.4.9 Using More Than one Table
  • 3.4 Getting Information About Databases and Tables
  • 3.5 Using mysql in Batch Mode
  • 3.6 Examples of Common Queries
    • 3.6.1 The Maximum Value for a Column
    • 3.6.2 The Row Holding the Maximum of a Certain Column
    • 3.6.3 Maximum of Column per Group
    • 3.6.4 The Rows Holding the Group-wise Maximum of a Certain Field
    • 3.6.5 Using User Variables
    • 3.6.6 Using Foreign Keys
    • 3.6.7 Searching on Two Keys
    • 3.6.8 Calculating Visits Per Day
    • 3.6.9 Using AUTO_INCREMENT
  • 3.7 Queries from the Twin Project
    • 3.7.1 Find All Non-distributed Twins
    • 3.7.2 Show a Table of Twin Pair Status
  • 3.8 Using MySQL with Apache
• 4 Database Administration
  • 4.1 Configuring MySQL
    • 4.1.1 mysqld Command-line Options
    • 4.1.2 `my.cnf' Option Files
  • 4.2 Running Multiple MySQL Servers on the Same Machine
    • 4.2.1 Running Multiple Servers on Windows
      • 4.2.1.1 Starting Multiple Windows Servers at the Command Line
      • 4.2.1.2 Starting Multiple Windows Servers as Services
    • 4.2.2 Running Multiple Servers on Unix
    • 4.2.3 Using Client Programs in a Multiple-Server Environment
  • 4.3 General Security Issues and the MySQL Access Privilege System
    • 4.3.1 General Security Guidelines
    • 4.3.2 How to Make MySQL Secure Against Crackers
    • 4.3.3 Startup Options for mysqld Concerning Security
    • 4.3.4 Security issues with LOAD DATA LOCAL
    • 4.3.5 What the Privilege System Does
    • 4.3.6 How the Privilege System Works
    • 4.3.7 Privileges Provided by MySQL
    • 4.3.8 Connecting to the MySQL Server
    • 4.3.9 Access Control, Stage 1: Connection Verification
    • 4.3.10 Access Control, Stage 2: Request Verification
    • 4.3.11 Password Hashing in MySQL 4.1
    • 4.3.13 Causes of Access denied Errors
  • 4.4 MySQL User Account Management
    • 4.4.1 GRANT and REVOKE Syntax
    • 4.4.2 MySQL User Names and Passwords
    • 4.4.3 When Privilege Changes Take Effect
    • 4.4.4 Setting Up the Initial MySQL Privileges
    • 4.4.5 Adding New Users to MySQL
    • 4.4.6 Deleting Users from MySQL
    • 4.4.7 Limiting user resources
    • 4.4.8 Setting Up Passwords
    • 4.4.9 Keeping Your Password Secure
    • 4.4.10 Using Secure Connections
      • 4.4.10.1 Basics
      • 4.4.10.2 Requirements
      • 4.4.10.3 Setting Up SSL Certificates for MySQL
      • 4.4.10.4 SSL GRANT Options
      • 4.4.10.5 SSL Command-line Options
      • 4.4.10.6 Connecting to MySQL Remotely from Windows with SSH
  • 4.5 Disaster Prevention and Recovery
    • 4.5.1 Database Backups
    • 4.5.2 BACKUP TABLE Syntax
    • 4.5.3 RESTORE TABLE Syntax
    • 4.5.4 CHECK TABLE Syntax
    • 4.5.5 REPAIR TABLE Syntax
    • 4.5.6 Using myisamchk for Table Maintenance and Crash Recovery
      • 4.5.6.1 myisamchk Invocation Syntax
      • 4.5.6.2 General Options for myisamchk
      • 4.5.6.3 Check Options for myisamchk
      • 4.5.6.4 Repair Options for myisamchk
      • 4.5.6.5 Other Options for myisamchk
      • 4.5.6.6 myisamchk Memory Usage
      • 4.5.6.7 Using myisamchk for Crash Recovery
      • 4.5.6.8 How to Check Tables for Errors
      • 4.5.6.9 How to Repair Tables
      • 4.5.6.10 Table Optimization
    • 4.5.7 Setting Up a Table Maintenance Regimen
    • 4.5.8 Getting Information About a Table
  • 4.6 Database Administration Language Reference
    • 4.6.1 OPTIMIZE TABLE Syntax
    • 4.6.2 ANALYZE TABLE Syntax
    • 4.6.3 CHECKSUM TABLE Syntax
    • 4.6.4 FLUSH Syntax
    • 4.6.5 RESET Syntax
    • 4.6.6 PURGE MASTER LOGS Syntax
    • 4.6.7 KILL Syntax
    • 4.6.8 SHOW Syntax
      • 4.6.8.1 Retrieving information about Database, Tables, Columns, and Indexes
      • 4.6.8.2 SHOW TABLE STATUS
      • 4.6.8.3 SHOW STATUS
      • 4.6.8.4 SHOW VARIABLES
      • 4.6.8.5 SHOW [BDB] LOGS
      • 4.6.8.6 SHOW PROCESSLIST
      • 4.6.8.7 SHOW GRANTS
      • 4.6.8.8 SHOW CREATE TABLE
      • 4.6.8.9 SHOW WARNINGS | ERRORS
      • 4.6.8.10 SHOW TABLE TYPES
      • 4.6.8.11 SHOW PRIVILEGES
  • 4.7 MySQL Localization and International Usage
    • 4.7.1 The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting
      • 4.7.1.1 German character set
    • 4.7.2 Non-English Error Messages
    • 4.7.3 Adding a New Character Set
    • 4.7.4 The Character Definition Arrays
    • 4.7.5 String Collating Support
    • 4.7.6 Multi-byte Character Support
    • 4.7.7 Problems With Character Sets
  • 4.8 MySQL Server-Side Scripts and Utilities
    • 4.8.1 Overview of the Server-Side Scripts and Utilities
    • 4.8.2 mysqld_safe, The Wrapper Around mysqld
    • 4.8.3 mysqld_multi, A Program for Managing Multiple MySQL Servers
    • 4.8.4 myisampack, The MySQL Compressed Read-only Table Generator
    • 4.8.5 mysqld-max, An Extended mysqld Server
  • 4.9 MySQL Client-Side Scripts and Utilities
    • 4.9.1 Overview of the Client-Side Scripts and Utilities
    • 4.9.2 mysql, The Command-line Tool
    • 4.9.3 mysqlcc, The MySQL Control Center
    • 4.9.4 mysqladmin, Administering a MySQL Server
    • 4.9.5 mysqlbinlog, Executing the queries from a binary log
    • 4.9.6 Using mysqlcheck for Table Maintenance and Crash Recovery
    • 4.9.7 mysqldump, Dumping Table Structure and Data
    • 4.9.8 mysqlhotcopy, Copying MySQL Databases and Tables
    • 4.9.9 mysqlimport, Importing Data from Text Files
    • 4.9.10 mysqlshow, Showing Databases, Tables, and Columns
    • 4.9.11 mysql_config, Get compile options for compiling clients
    • 4.9.12 perror, Explaining Error Codes
    • 4.9.13 How to Run SQL Commands from a Text File
  • 4.10 The MySQL Log Files
    • 4.10.1 The Error Log
    • 4.10.2 The General Query Log
    • 4.10.3 The Update Log
    • 4.10.4 The Binary Log
    • 4.10.5 The Slow Query Log
    • 4.10.6 Log File Maintenance
  • 4.11 Replication in MySQL
    • 4.11.1 Introduction
    • 4.11.2 Replication Implementation Overview
    • 4.11.3 Replication Implementation Details
    • 4.11.4 How to Set Up Replication
    • 4.11.5 Upgrading a replication setup - mixing different MySQL versions
    • 4.11.6 Replication Features and Known Problems
    • 4.11.7 Replication Startup Options
    • 4.11.8 SQL Statements for Controlling Master Servers
      • 4.11.8.1 PURGE MASTER LOGS
      • 4.11.8.2 RESET MASTER
      • 4.11.8.3 SET SQL_LOG_BIN
      • 4.11.8.4 SHOW BINLOG EVENTS
      • 4.11.8.5 SHOW MASTER STATUS
      • 4.11.8.6 SHOW MASTER LOGS
      • 4.11.8.7 SHOW SLAVE HOSTS
    • 4.11.9 SQL Statements for Controlling Slave Servers
      • 4.11.9.1 CHANGE MASTER TO
      • 4.11.9.2 LOAD DATA FROM MASTER
      • 4.11.9.3 LOAD TABLE tbl_name FROM MASTER
      • 4.11.9.4 MASTER_POS_WAIT()
      • 4.11.9.5 RESET SLAVE
      • 4.11.9.6 SET GLOBAL SQL_SLAVE_SKIP_COUNTER
      • 4.11.9.7 SHOW SLAVE STATUS
      • 4.11.9.8 START SLAVE
      • 4.11.9.9 STOP SLAVE
    • 4.11.10 Replication FAQ
    • 4.11.11 Troubleshooting Replication
    • 4.11.12 Reporting Replication Bugs
• 5 MySQL Optimization
  • 5.1 Optimization Overview
    • 5.1.1 MySQL Design Limitations/Tradeoffs
    • 5.1.2 Portability
    • 5.1.3 What We Have Used MySQL For
    • 5.1.4 The MySQL Benchmark Suite
    • 5.1.5 Using Your Own Benchmarks
  • 5.2 Optimizing SELECT Statements and Other Queries
    • 5.2.1 EXPLAIN Syntax (Get Information About a SELECT)
    • 5.2.2 Estimating Query Performance
    • 5.2.3 Speed of SELECT Queries
    • 5.2.4 How MySQL Optimizes WHERE Clauses
    • 5.2.5 How MySQL Optimizes IS NULL
    • 5.2.6 How MySQL Optimizes DISTINCT
    • 5.2.7 How MySQL Optimizes LEFT JOIN and RIGHT JOIN
    • 5.2.8 How MySQL Optimizes ORDER BY
    • 5.2.9 How MySQL Optimizes LIMIT
    • 5.2.10 Speed of INSERT Queries
    • 5.2.11 Speed of UPDATE Queries
    • 5.2.12 Speed of DELETE Queries
    • 5.2.13 Other Optimization Tips
  • 5.3 Locking Issues
    • 5.3.1 How MySQL Locks Tables
    • 5.3.2 Table Locking Issues
  • 5.4 Optimizing Database Structure
    • 5.4.1 Design Choices
    • 5.4.2 Get Your Data as Small as Possible
    • 5.4.3 How MySQL Uses Indexes
    • 5.4.4 Column Indexes
    • 5.4.5 Multiple-Column Indexes
    • 5.4.6 How MySQL Counts Open Tables
    • 5.4.7 How MySQL Opens and Closes Tables
    • 5.4.8 Drawbacks to Creating Large Numbers of Tables in the Same Database
  • 5.5 Optimizing the MySQL Server
    • 5.5.1 System/Compile Time and Startup Parameter Tuning
    • 5.5.2 Tuning Server Parameters
    • 5.5.3 How Compiling and Linking Affects the Speed of MySQL
    • 5.5.4 How MySQL Uses Memory
    • 5.5.5 How MySQL uses DNS
    • 5.5.6 SET Syntax
  • 5.6 Disk Issues
    • 5.6.1 Using Symbolic Links
      • 5.6.1.1 Using Symbolic Links for Databases on Unix
      • 5.6.1.2 Using Symbolic Links for Tables on Unix
      • 5.6.1.3 Using Symbolic Links for Databases on Windows
• 6 MySQL Language Reference
  • 6.1 Language Structure
    • 6.1.1 Literals: How to Write Strings and Numbers
      • 6.1.1.1 Strings
      • 6.1.1.2 Numbers
      • 6.1.1.3 Hexadecimal Values
      • 6.1.1.4 NULL Values
    • 6.1.2 Database, Table, Index, Column, and Alias Names
    • 6.1.3 Case Sensitivity in Names
    • 6.1.4 User Variables
    • 6.1.5 System Variables
    • 6.1.6 Comment Syntax
    • 6.1.7 Treatment of Reserved Words in MySQL
  • 6.2 Column Types
    • 6.2.1 Numeric Types
    • 6.2.2 Date and Time Types
      • 6.2.2.1 Y2K Issues and Date Types
      • 6.2.2.2 The DATETIME, DATE, and TIMESTAMP Types
      • 6.2.2.3 The TIME Type
      • 6.2.2.4 The YEAR Type
    • 6.2.3 String Types
      • 6.2.3.1 The CHAR and VARCHAR Types
      • 6.2.3.2 The BLOB and TEXT Types
      • 6.2.3.3 The ENUM Type
      • 6.2.3.4 The SET Type
    • 6.2.4 Choosing the Right Type for a Column
    • 6.2.5 Using Column Types from Other Database Engines
    • 6.2.6 Column Type Storage Requirements
  • 6.3 Functions for Use in SELECT and WHERE Clauses
    • 6.3.1 Non-Type-Specific Operators and Functions
      • 6.3.1.1 Parentheses
      • 6.3.1.2 Comparison Operators
      • 6.3.1.3 Logical Operators
      • 6.3.1.4 Control Flow Functions
    • 6.3.2 String Functions
      • 6.3.2.1 String Comparison Functions
      • 6.3.2.2 Case-Sensitivity
    • 6.3.3 Numeric Functions
      • 6.3.3.1 Arithmetic Operations
      • 6.3.3.2 Mathematical Functions
    • 6.3.4 Date and Time Functions
    • 6.3.5 Cast Functions
    • 6.3.6 Other Functions
      • 6.3.6.1 Bit Functions
      • 6.3.6.2 Miscellaneous Functions
    • 6.3.7 Functions and Modifiers for Use with GROUP BY Clauses
      • 6.3.7.1 GROUP BY Functions
      • 6.3.7.2 GROUP BY Modifiers
      • 6.3.7.3 GROUP BY with Hidden Fields
  • 6.4 Data Manipulation: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
    • 6.4.1 SELECT Syntax
      • 6.4.1.1 JOIN Syntax
      • 6.4.1.2 UNION Syntax
    • 6.4.2 Subquery Syntax
      • 6.4.2.1 The Subquery as Scalar Operand
      • 6.4.2.2 Comparisons Using Subqueries
      • 6.4.2.3 Subqueries with ANY, IN, and SOME
      • 6.4.2.4 Subqueries with ALL
      • 6.4.2.5 Correlated Subqueries
      • 6.4.2.6 EXISTS and NOT EXISTS
      • 6.4.2.7 Row Subqueries
      • 6.4.2.8 Subqueries in the FROM clause
      • 6.4.2.9 Subquery Errors
      • 6.4.2.10 Optimizing Subqueries
      • 6.4.2.11 Rewriting Subqueries for Earlier MySQL Versions
    • 6.4.3 INSERT Syntax
      • 6.4.3.1 INSERT ... SELECT Syntax
      • 6.4.3.2 INSERT DELAYED Syntax
    • 6.4.4 UPDATE Syntax
    • 6.4.5 DELETE Syntax
    • 6.4.6 TRUNCATE Syntax
    • 6.4.7 REPLACE Syntax
    • 6.4.8 LOAD DATA INFILE Syntax
    • 6.4.9 HANDLER Syntax
    • 6.4.10 DO Syntax
  • 6.5 Data Definition: CREATE, DROP, ALTER
    • 6.5.1 CREATE DATABASE Syntax
    • 6.5.2 DROP DATABASE Syntax
    • 6.5.3 CREATE TABLE Syntax
      • 6.5.3.1 Silent Column Specification Changes
    • 6.5.4 ALTER TABLE Syntax
    • 6.5.5 RENAME TABLE Syntax
    • 6.5.6 DROP TABLE Syntax
    • 6.5.7 CREATE INDEX Syntax
    • 6.5.8 DROP INDEX Syntax
  • 6.6 Basic MySQL User Utility Commands
    • 6.6.1 USE Syntax
    • 6.6.2 DESCRIBE Syntax (Get Information About Columns)
  • 6.7 MySQL Transactional and Locking Commands
    • 6.7.1 START TRANSACTION, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK Syntax
    • 6.7.2 Statements That Cannot Be Rolled Back
    • 6.7.3 Statements That Cause an Implicit Commit
    • 6.7.4 SAVEPOINT and ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT Syntax
    • 6.7.5 LOCK TABLES and UNLOCK TABLES Syntax
    • 6.7.6 SET TRANSACTION Syntax
  • 6.8 MySQL Full-text Search
    • 6.8.1 Full-text Restrictions
    • 6.8.2 Fine-tuning MySQL Full-text Search
    • 6.8.3 Full-text Search TODO
  • 6.9 MySQL Query Cache
    • 6.9.1 How the Query Cache Operates
    • 6.9.2 Query Cache Configuration
    • 6.9.3 Query Cache Options in SELECT
    • 6.9.4 Query Cache Status and Maintenance
• 7 MySQL Table Types
  • 7.1 MyISAM Tables
    • 7.1.1 Space Needed for Keys
    • 7.1.2 MyISAM Table Formats
      • 7.1.2.1 Static (Fixed-length) Table Characteristics
      • 7.1.2.2 Dynamic Table Characteristics
      • 7.1.2.3 Compressed Table Characteristics
    • 7.1.3 MyISAM Table Problems
      • 7.1.3.1 Corrupted MyISAM Tables
      • 7.1.3.2 Clients is using or hasn't closed the table properly
  • 7.2 MERGE Tables
    • 7.2.1 MERGE Table Problems
  • 7.3 ISAM Tables
  • 7.4 HEAP Tables
  • 7.5 InnoDB Tables
    • 7.5.1 InnoDB Tables Overview
    • 7.5.2 InnoDB in MySQL Version 3.23
    • 7.5.3 InnoDB Startup Options
    • 7.5.4 Creating InnoDB Tablespace
      • 7.5.4.1 If Something Goes Wrong in Database Creation
    • 7.5.5 Creating InnoDB Tables
      • 7.5.5.1 Converting MyISAM Tables to InnoDB
      • 7.5.5.2 FOREIGN KEY Constraints
      • 7.5.5.3 Multiple tablespaces - putting each table into its own .ibd file
    • 7.5.6 Adding and Removing InnoDB Data and Log Files
    • 7.5.7 Backing up and Recovering an InnoDB Database
      • 7.5.7.1 Forcing recovery
      • 7.5.7.2 Checkpoints
    • 7.5.8 Moving an InnoDB Database to Another Machine
    • 7.5.9 InnoDB Transaction Model and Locking
      • 7.5.9.1 InnoDB and SET ... TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL ...
      • 7.5.9.2 Consistent Non-Locking Read
      • 7.5.9.3 Locking Reads SELECT ... FOR UPDATE and SELECT ... LOCK IN SHARE MODE
      • 7.5.9.4 Next-key Locking: Avoiding the Phantom Problem
      • 7.5.9.5 Locks Set by Different SQL Statements in InnoDB
      • 7.5.9.6 Deadlock Detection and Rollback
      • 7.5.9.7 An Example of How the Consistent Read Works in InnoDB
      • 7.5.9.8 How to Cope With Deadlocks
    • 7.5.10 Performance Tuning Tips
      • 7.5.10.1 SHOW INNODB STATUS and the InnoDB Monitors
    • 7.5.11 Implementation of Multi-versioning
    • 7.5.12 Table and Index Structures
      • 7.5.12.1 Physical Structure of an Index
      • 7.5.12.2 Insert Buffering
      • 7.5.12.3 Adaptive Hash Indexes
      • 7.5.12.4 Physical Record Structure
      • 7.5.12.5 How an AUTO_INCREMENT Column Works in InnoDB
    • 7.5.13 File Space Management and Disk I/O
      • 7.5.13.1 Disk I/O
      • 7.5.13.2 File Space Management
      • 7.5.13.3 Defragmenting a Table
    • 7.5.14 Error Handling
    • 7.5.15 Restrictions on InnoDB Tables
    • 7.5.16 InnoDB Change History
      • 7.5.16.1 MySQL/InnoDB-4.1.1, December 4, 2003
      • 7.5.16.2 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.16, October 22, 2003
      • 7.5.16.3 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.58, September 15, 2003
      • 7.5.16.4 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.15, September 10, 2003
      • 7.5.16.5 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.14, July 22, 2003
      • 7.5.16.6 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.57, June 20, 2003
      • 7.5.16.7 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.13, May 20, 2003
      • 7.5.16.8 MySQL/InnoDB-4.1.0, April 3, 2003
      • 7.5.16.9 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.56, March 17, 2003
      • 7.5.16.10 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.12, March 18, 2003
      • 7.5.16.11 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.11, February 25, 2003
      • 7.5.16.12 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.10, February 4, 2003
      • 7.5.16.13 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.55, January 24, 2003
      • 7.5.16.14 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.9, January 14, 2003
      • 7.5.16.15 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.8, January 7, 2003
      • 7.5.16.16 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.7, December 26, 2002
      • 7.5.16.17 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.6, December 19, 2002
      • 7.5.16.18 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.54, December 12, 2002
      • 7.5.16.19 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.5, November 18, 2002
      • 7.5.16.20 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.53, October 9, 2002
      • 7.5.16.21 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.4, October 2, 2002
      • 7.5.16.22 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.3, August 28, 2002
      • 7.5.16.23 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.52, August 16, 2002
      • 7.5.16.24 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.2, July 10, 2002
      • 7.5.16.25 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.51, June 12, 2002
      • 7.5.16.26 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.50, April 23, 2002
      • 7.5.16.27 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.49, February 17, 2002
      • 7.5.16.28 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.48, February 9, 2002
      • 7.5.16.29 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.47, December 28, 2001
      • 7.5.16.30 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.1, December 23, 2001
      • 7.5.16.31 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.46, November 30, 2001
      • 7.5.16.32 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.45, November 23, 2001
      • 7.5.16.33 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.44, November 2, 2001
      • 7.5.16.34 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.43, October 4, 2001
      • 7.5.16.35 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.42, September 9, 2001
      • 7.5.16.36 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.41, August 13, 2001
      • 7.5.16.37 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.40, July 16, 2001
      • 7.5.16.38 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.39, June 13, 2001
      • 7.5.16.39 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.38, May 12, 2001
    • 7.5.17 InnoDB Contact Information
  • 7.6 BDB or BerkeleyDB Tables
    • 7.6.1 Overview of BDB Tables
    • 7.6.2 Installing BDB
    • 7.6.3 BDB Startup Options
    • 7.6.4 Characteristics of BDB Tables
    • 7.6.5 Things We Need to Fix for BDB in the Near Future
    • 7.6.6 Operating Systems Supported by BDB
    • 7.6.7 Restrictions on BDB Tables
    • 7.6.8 Errors That May Occur When Using BDB Tables
• 8 Introduction to MaxDB
  • 8.1 History of MaxDB
  • 8.2 Licensing and Support
  • 8.3 Basic Concepts of MaxDB
  • 8.4 Feature Differences between MaxDB and MySQL
  • 8.5 Interoperability Features between MaxDB and MySQL
  • 8.6 MaxDB-related Links
  • 8.7 Reserved Words in MaxDB
  • 8.8 Functions
  • 8.9 Column Types
• 9 National Character Sets and Unicode
  • 9.1 Character Sets and Collations in General
  • 9.2 Character Sets and Collations in MySQL
  • 9.3 Determining the Default Character Set and Collation
    • 9.3.1 Server Character Set and Collation
    • 9.3.2 Database Character Set and Collation
    • 9.3.3 Table Character Set and Collation
    • 9.3.4 Column Character Set and Collation
    • 9.3.5 Examples of Character Set and Collation Assignment
    • 9.3.6 Connection Character Sets and Collations
    • 9.3.7 Character String Literal Character Set and Collation
    • 9.3.8 COLLATE Clause in Various Parts of an SQL Query
    • 9.3.9 COLLATE Clause Precedence
    • 9.3.10 BINARY Operator
    • 9.3.11 Some Special Cases Where the Collation Determination is Tricky
    • 9.3.12 Collations Must Be for the Right Character Set
    • 9.3.13 An example of the Effect of Collation
  • 9.4 Operations Affected by Character Set Support
    • 9.4.1 Result Strings
    • 9.4.2 CONVERT()
    • 9.4.3 CAST()
    • 9.4.4 SHOW CHARACTER SET
    • 9.4.5 SHOW COLLATION
    • 9.4.6 SHOW CREATE DATABASE
    • 9.4.7 SHOW FULL COLUMNS
  • 9.5 Unicode Support
  • 9.6 UTF8 for Metadata
  • 9.7 Compatibility with Other DBMSs
  • 9.8 New Character Set Configuration File format
  • 9.9 National Character Set
  • 9.10 Upgrading from MySQL 4.0
    • 9.10.1 4.0 Character Sets and Corresponding 4.1 Character Set/Collation Pairs
  • 9.11 The Character Sets and Collations that MySQL Supports
    • 9.11.1 The Unicode Character Sets
    • 9.11.2 Platform Specific Character Sets
    • 9.11.3 Character Sets for South Europe and Middle East
    • 9.11.4 The Asian Character Sets
    • 9.11.5 The Baltic Character Sets
    • 9.11.6 The Cyrillic Character Sets
    • 9.11.7 The Central European Character Sets
    • 9.11.8 The West European Character Sets
• 10 Spatial Extensions in MySQL
  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 The OpenGIS Geometry Model
    • 10.2.1 The Geometry Class Hierarchy
    • 10.2.2 Class Geometry
    • 10.2.4 Class Point
    • 10.2.7 Class Curve
    • 10.2.9 Class LineString
    • 10.2.12 Class Surface
    • 10.2.14 Class Polygon
    • 10.2.17 Class GeometryCollection
    • 10.2.18 Class MultiPoint
    • 10.2.21 Class MultiCurve
    • 10.2.23 Class MultiLineString
    • 10.2.25 Class MultiSurface
    • 10.2.27 Class MultiPolygon
  • 10.3 Supported Spatial Data Formats
    • 10.3.1 Well-Known Text (WKT) Format
    • 10.3.2 Well-Known Binary (WKB) Format
  • 10.4 Creating a Spatially Enabled MySQL Database
    • 10.4.1 MySQL Spatial Datatypes
    • 10.4.2 Creating Spatial Values
      • 10.4.2.1 Creating Geometry Values Using WKT Functions
      • 10.4.2.2 Creating Geometry Values Using WKB Functions
      • 10.4.2.3 Creating Geometry Values Using MySQL-Specific Functions
    • 10.4.3 Creating Spatial Columns
    • 10.4.4 Populating Spatial Columns
    • 10.4.5 Fetching Spatial Data
      • 10.4.5.1 Fetching Spatial Data in Internal Format
      • 10.4.5.2 Fetching Spatial Data in WKT Format
      • 10.4.5.3 Fetching Spatial Data in WKB Format
  • 10.5 Analyzing Spatial Information
    • 10.5.1 Functions to Convert Geometries Between Formats
    • 10.5.2 Geometry Property Analysis Functions
      • 10.5.2.1 General Geometry Property Analysis Functions
      • 10.5.2.2 Point Property Analysis Functions
      • 10.5.2.3 LineString Property Analysis Functions
      • 10.5.2.4 MultiLineString Property Analysis Functions
      • 10.5.2.5 Polygon Property Analysis Functions
      • 10.5.2.6 MultiPolygon Property Analysis Functions
      • 10.5.2.7 GeometryCollection Property Analysis Functions
    • 10.5.3 Functions That Create New Geometries from Existing Ones
      • 10.5.3.1 Geometry Functions That Produce New Geometries
      • 10.5.3.2 Spatial Operators
    • 10.5.4 Functions for Testing Spatial Relations Between Geometric Objects
    • 10.5.5 Relations on Geometry Minimal Bounding Rectangles (MBRs)
    • 10.5.6 Functions That Test Spatial Relationships Between Geometries
  • 10.6 Optimizing Spatial Analysis
    • 10.6.1 Creating Spatial Indexes
    • 10.6.2 Using a Spatial Index
  • 10.7 MySQL Conformance and Compatibility
    • 10.7.1 GIS Features That Are Not Yet Implemented
• 11 MySQL APIs
  • 11.1 MySQL C API
    • 11.1.1 C API Datatypes
    • 11.1.2 C API Function Overview
    • 11.1.3 C API Function Descriptions
      • 11.1.3.1 mysql_affected_rows()
      • 11.1.3.2 mysql_change_user()
      • 11.1.3.3 mysql_character_set_name()
      • 11.1.3.4 mysql_close()
      • 11.1.3.5 mysql_connect()
      • 11.1.3.6 mysql_create_db()
      • 11.1.3.7 mysql_data_seek()
      • 11.1.3.8 mysql_debug()
      • 11.1.3.9 mysql_drop_db()
      • 11.1.3.10 mysql_dump_debug_info()
      • 11.1.3.11 mysql_eof()
      • 11.1.3.12 mysql_errno()
      • 11.1.3.13 mysql_error()
      • 11.1.3.14 mysql_escape_string()
      • 11.1.3.15 mysql_fetch_field()
      • 11.1.3.16 mysql_fetch_fields()
      • 11.1.3.17 mysql_fetch_field_direct()
      • 11.1.3.18 mysql_fetch_lengths()
      • 11.1.3.19 mysql_fetch_row()
      • 11.1.3.20 mysql_field_count()
      • 11.1.3.21 mysql_field_seek()
      • 11.1.3.22 mysql_field_tell()
      • 11.1.3.23 mysql_free_result()
      • 11.1.3.24 mysql_get_client_info()
      • 11.1.3.25 mysql_get_client_version()
      • 11.1.3.26 mysql_get_host_info()
      • 11.1.3.27 mysql_get_proto_info()
      • 11.1.3.28 mysql_get_server_info()
      • 11.1.3.29 mysql_get_server_version()
      • 11.1.3.30 mysql_info()
      • 11.1.3.31 mysql_init()
      • 11.1.3.32 mysql_insert_id()
      • 11.1.3.33 mysql_kill()
      • 11.1.3.34 mysql_list_dbs()
      • 11.1.3.35 mysql_list_fields()
      • 11.1.3.36 mysql_list_processes()
      • 11.1.3.37 mysql_list_tables()
      • 11.1.3.38 mysql_num_fields()
      • 11.1.3.39 mysql_num_rows()
      • 11.1.3.40 mysql_options()
      • 11.1.3.41 mysql_ping()
      • 11.1.3.42 mysql_query()
      • 11.1.3.43 mysql_real_connect()
      • 11.1.3.44 mysql_real_escape_string()
      • 11.1.3.45 mysql_real_query()
      • 11.1.3.46 mysql_reload()
      • 11.1.3.47 mysql_row_seek()
      • 11.1.3.48 mysql_row_tell()
      • 11.1.3.49 mysql_select_db()
      • 11.1.3.50 mysql_set_server_option()
      • 11.1.3.51 mysql_shutdown()
      • 11.1.3.52 mysql_sqlstate()
      • 11.1.3.53 mysql_ssl_set()
      • 11.1.3.54 mysql_stat()
      • 11.1.3.55 mysql_store_result()
      • 11.1.3.56 mysql_thread_id()
      • 11.1.3.57 mysql_use_result()
      • 11.1.3.58 mysql_warning_count()
      • 11.1.3.59 mysql_commit()
      • 11.1.3.60 mysql_rollback()
      • 11.1.3.61 mysql_autocommit()
      • 11.1.3.62 mysql_more_results()
      • 11.1.3.63 mysql_next_result()
    • 11.1.4 C API Prepared Statements
    • 11.1.5 C API Prepared Statement Datatypes
    • 11.1.6 C API Prepared Statement Function Overview
    • 11.1.7 C API Prepared Statement Function Descriptions
      • 11.1.7.1 mysql_bind_param()
      • 11.1.7.2 mysql_bind_result()
      • 11.1.7.3 mysql_execute()
      • 11.1.7.4 mysql_fetch()
      • 11.1.7.5 mysql_fetch_column()
      • 11.1.7.6 mysql_get_metadata()
      • 11.1.7.7 mysql_param_count()
      • 11.1.7.8 mysql_param_result()
      • 11.1.7.9 mysql_prepare()
      • 11.1.7.10 mysql_send_long_data()
      • 11.1.7.11 mysql_stmt_affected_rows()
      • 11.1.7.12 mysql_stmt_close()
      • 11.1.7.13 mysql_stmt_data_seek()
      • 11.1.7.14 mysql_stmt_errno()
      • 11.1.7.15 mysql_stmt_error()
      • 11.1.7.16 mysql_stmt_free_result()
      • 11.1.7.17 mysql_stmt_num_rows()
      • 11.1.7.18 mysql_stmt_reset()
      • 11.1.7.19 mysql_stmt_row_seek()
      • 11.1.7.20 mysql_stmt_row_tell()
      • 11.1.7.21 mysql_stmt_sqlstate()
      • 11.1.7.22 mysql_stmt_store_result()
    • 11.1.8 C API Handling of Multiple Query Execution
    • 11.1.9 C API Handling of Date and Time Values
    • 11.1.10 C API Threaded Function Descriptions
      • 11.1.10.1 my_init()
      • 11.1.10.2 mysql_thread_init()
      • 11.1.10.3 mysql_thread_end()
      • 11.1.10.4 mysql_thread_safe()
    • 11.1.11 C API Embedded Server Function Descriptions
      • 11.1.11.1 mysql_server_init()
      • 11.1.11.2 mysql_server_end()
    • 11.1.12 Common questions and problems when using the C API
      • 11.1.12.1 Why mysql_store_result() Sometimes Returns NULL After mysql_query() Returns Success
      • 11.1.12.2 What Results You Can Get from a Query
      • 11.1.12.3 How to Get the Unique ID for the Last Inserted Row
      • 11.1.12.4 Problems Linking with the C API
    • 11.1.13 Building Client Programs
    • 11.1.14 How to Make a Threaded Client
    • 11.1.15 libmysqld, the Embedded MySQL Server Library
      • 11.1.15.1 Overview of the Embedded MySQL Server Library
      • 11.1.15.2 Compiling Programs with libmysqld
      • 11.1.15.3 Restrictions when using the Embedded MySQL Server
      • 11.1.15.4 Using Option Files with the Embedded Server
      • 11.1.15.5 Things left to do in Embedded Server (TODO)
      • 11.1.15.6 A Simple Embedded Server Example
      • 11.1.15.7 Licensing the Embedded Server
  • 11.2 MySQL ODBC Support
    • 11.2.1 How to Install MyODBC
    • 11.2.2 How to Fill in the Various Fields in the ODBC Administrator Program
    • 11.2.3 Connect parameters for MyODBC
    • 11.2.4 How to Report Problems with MyODBC
    • 11.2.5 Programs Known to Work with MyODBC
    • 11.2.6 How to Get the Value of an AUTO_INCREMENT Column in ODBC
    • 11.2.7 Reporting Problems with MyODBC
  • 11.3 MySQL Java Connectivity (JDBC)
  • 11.4 MySQL PHP API
    • 11.4.1 Common Problems with MySQL and PHP
  • 11.5 MySQL Perl API
    • 11.5.1 DBI with DBD::mysql
    • 11.5.2 The DBI Interface
    • 11.5.3 More DBI/DBD Information
  • 11.6 MySQL C++ API
    • 11.6.1 Borland C++
  • 11.7 MySQL Python API
  • 11.8 MySQL Tcl API
  • 11.9 MySQL Eiffel Wrapper
• 12 Error Handling in MySQL
  • 12.1 Error Returns
• 13 Extending MySQL
  • 13.1 MySQL Internals
    • 13.1.1 MySQL Threads
    • 13.1.2 MySQL Test Suite
      • 13.1.2.1 Running the MySQL Test Suite
      • 13.1.2.2 Extending the MySQL Test Suite
      • 13.1.2.3 Reporting Bugs in the MySQL Test Suite
  • 13.2 Adding New Functions to MySQL
    • 13.2.1 CREATE FUNCTION/DROP FUNCTION Syntax
    • 13.2.2 Adding a New User-definable Function
      • 13.2.2.1 UDF Calling Sequences for simple functions
      • 13.2.2.2 UDF Calling Sequences for aggregate functions
      • 13.2.2.3 Argument Processing
      • 13.2.2.4 Return Values and Error Handling
      • 13.2.2.5 Compiling and Installing User-definable Functions
    • 13.2.3 Adding a New Native Function
  • 13.3 Adding New Procedures to MySQL
    • 13.3.1 Procedure Analyse
    • 13.3.2 Writing a Procedure
• A Problems and Common Errors
  • A.1 How to Determine What Is Causing Problems
  • A.2 Common Errors When Using MySQL
    • A.2.1 Access denied Error
    • A.2.2 MySQL server has gone away Error
    • A.2.3 Can't connect to [local] MySQL server Error
    • A.2.4 Client does not support authentication protocol error
    • A.2.5 Host '...' is blocked Error
    • A.2.6 Too many connections Error
    • A.2.7 Some non-transactional changed tables couldn't be rolled back Error
    • A.2.8 Out of memory Error
    • A.2.9 Packet too large Error
    • A.2.10 Communication Errors / Aborted Connection
    • A.2.11 The table is full Error
    • A.2.12 Can't create/write to file Error
    • A.2.13 Commands out of sync Error in Client
    • A.2.14 Ignoring user Error
    • A.2.15 Table 'xxx' doesn't exist Error
    • A.2.16 Can't initialize character set xxx error
    • A.2.17 File Not Found
  • A.3 Installation Related Issues
    • A.3.1 Problems When Linking with the MySQL Client Library
    • A.3.2 How to Run MySQL As a Normal User
    • A.3.3 Problems with File Permissions
  • A.4 Administration Related Issues
    • A.4.1 What To Do If MySQL Keeps Crashing
    • A.4.2 How to Reset a Forgotten Root Password
    • A.4.3 How MySQL Handles a Full Disk
    • A.4.4 Where MySQL Stores Temporary Files
    • A.4.5 How to Protect or Change the MySQL Socket File `/tmp/mysql.sock'
    • A.4.6 Time Zone Problems
  • A.5 Query Related Issues
    • A.5.1 Case-Sensitivity in Searches
    • A.5.2 Problems Using DATE Columns
    • A.5.3 Problems with NULL Values
    • A.5.4 Problems with alias
    • A.5.5 Deleting Rows from Related Tables
    • A.5.6 Solving Problems with No Matching Rows
    • A.5.7 Problems with Floating-Point Comparison
  • A.6 Optimizer Related Issues
    • A.6.1 How to avoid table scan,,,
  • A.7 Table Definition Related Issues
    • A.7.1 Problems with ALTER TABLE.
    • A.7.2 How To Change the Order of Columns in a Table
    • A.7.3 TEMPORARY TABLE problems
• B Contributed Programs
  • B.1 APIs
  • B.2 Converters
  • B.3 Utilities
• C Credits
  • C.1 Developers at MySQL AB
  • C.2 Contributors to MySQL
  • C.3 Documenters and translators
  • C.4 Libraries used by and included with MySQL
  • C.5 Packages that support MySQL
  • C.6 Tools that was used to create MySQL
  • C.7 Supporters to MySQL
• D MySQL Change History
  • D.1 Changes in release 5.0.0 (Development)
    • D.1.1 Changes in release 5.0.0 (22 Dec 2003: Alpha)
  • D.2 Changes in release 4.1.x (Alpha)
    • D.2.1 Changes in release 4.1.2 (not released yet)
    • D.2.2 Changes in release 4.1.1 (01 Dec 2003)
    • D.2.3 Changes in release 4.1.0 (03 Apr 2003: Alpha)
  • D.3 Changes in release 4.0.x (Production)
    • D.3.1 Changes in release 4.0.18 (not released yet)
    • D.3.2 Changes in release 4.0.17 (14 Dec 2003)
    • D.3.3 Changes in release 4.0.16 (17 Oct 2003)
    • D.3.4 Changes in release 4.0.15 (03 Sep 2003)
    • D.3.5 Changes in release 4.0.14 (18 Jul 2003)
    • D.3.6 Changes in release 4.0.13 (16 May 2003)
    • D.3.7 Changes in release 4.0.12 (15 Mar 2003: Production)
    • D.3.8 Changes in release 4.0.11 (20 Feb 2003)
    • D.3.9 Changes in release 4.0.10 (29 Jan 2003)
    • D.3.10 Changes in release 4.0.9 (09 Jan 2003)
    • D.3.11 Changes in release 4.0.8 (07 Jan 2003)
    • D.3.12 Changes in release 4.0.7 (20 Dec 2002)
    • D.3.13 Changes in release 4.0.6 (14 Dec 2002: Gamma)
    • D.3.14 Changes in release 4.0.5 (13 Nov 2002)
    • D.3.15 Changes in release 4.0.4 (29 Sep 2002)
    • D.3.16 Changes in release 4.0.3 (26 Aug 2002: Beta)
    • D.3.17 Changes in release 4.0.2 (01 Jul 2002)
    • D.3.18 Changes in release 4.0.1 (23 Dec 2001)
    • D.3.19 Changes in release 4.0.0 (Oct 2001: Alpha)
  • D.4 Changes in release 3.23.x (Recent; still supported)
    • D.4.1 Changes in release 3.23.59 (not released yet)
    • D.4.2 Changes in release 3.23.58 (11 Sep 2003)
    • D.4.3 Changes in release 3.23.57 (06 Jun 2003)
    • D.4.4 Changes in release 3.23.56 (13 Mar 2003)
    • D.4.5 Changes in release 3.23.55 (23 Jan 2003)
    • D.4.6 Changes in release 3.23.54 (05 Dec 2002)
    • D.4.7 Changes in release 3.23.53 (09 Oct 2002)
    • D.4.8 Changes in release 3.23.52 (14 Aug 2002)
    • D.4.9 Changes in release 3.23.51 (31 May 2002)
    • D.4.10 Changes in release 3.23.50 (21 Apr 2002)
    • D.4.11 Changes in release 3.23.49
    • D.4.12 Changes in release 3.23.48 (07 Feb 2002)
    • D.4.13 Changes in release 3.23.47 (27 Dec 2001)
    • D.4.14 Changes in release 3.23.46 (29 Nov 2001)
    • D.4.15 Changes in release 3.23.45 (22 Nov 2001)
    • D.4.16 Changes in release 3.23.44 (31 Oct 2001)
    • D.4.17 Changes in release 3.23.43 (04 Oct 2001)
    • D.4.18 Changes in release 3.23.42 (08 Sep 2001)
    • D.4.19 Changes in release 3.23.41 (11 Aug 2001)
    • D.4.20 Changes in release 3.23.40
    • D.4.21 Changes in release 3.23.39 (12 Jun 2001)
    • D.4.22 Changes in release 3.23.38 (09 May 2001)
    • D.4.23 Changes in release 3.23.37 (17 Apr 2001)
    • D.4.24 Changes in release 3.23.36 (27 Mar 2001)
    • D.4.25 Changes in release 3.23.35 (15 Mar 2001)
    • D.4.26 Changes in release 3.23.34a
    • D.4.27 Changes in release 3.23.34 (10 Mar 2001)
    • D.4.28 Changes in release 3.23.33 (09 Feb 2001)
    • D.4.29 Changes in release 3.23.32 (22 Jan 2001: Production)
    • D.4.30 Changes in release 3.23.31 (17 Jan 2001)
    • D.4.31 Changes in release 3.23.30 (04 Jan 2001)
    • D.4.32 Changes in release 3.23.29 (16 Dec 2000)
    • D.4.33 Changes in release 3.23.28 (22 Nov 2000: Gamma)
    • D.4.34 Changes in release 3.23.27 (24 Oct 2000)
    • D.4.35 Changes in release 3.23.26 (18 Oct 2000)
    • D.4.36 Changes in release 3.23.25 (29 Sep 2000)
    • D.4.37 Changes in release 3.23.24 (08 Sep 2000)
    • D.4.38 Changes in release 3.23.23 (01 Sep 2000)
    • D.4.39 Changes in release 3.23.22 (31 Jul 2000)
    • D.4.40 Changes in release 3.23.21
    • D.4.41 Changes in release 3.23.20
    • D.4.42 Changes in release 3.23.19
    • D.4.43 Changes in release 3.23.18
    • D.4.44 Changes in release 3.23.17
    • D.4.45 Changes in release 3.23.16
    • D.4.46 Changes in release 3.23.15 (May 2000: Beta)
    • D.4.47 Changes in release 3.23.14
    • D.4.48 Changes in release 3.23.13
    • D.4.49 Changes in release 3.23.12 (07 Mar 2000)
    • D.4.50 Changes in release 3.23.11
    • D.4.51 Changes in release 3.23.10
    • D.4.52 Changes in release 3.23.9
    • D.4.53 Changes in release 3.23.8 (02 Jan 2000)
    • D.4.54 Changes in release 3.23.7 (10 Dec 1999)
    • D.4.55 Changes in release 3.23.6
    • D.4.56 Changes in release 3.23.5 (20 Oct 1999)
    • D.4.57 Changes in release 3.23.4 (28 Sep 1999)
    • D.4.58 Changes in release 3.23.3
    • D.4.59 Changes in release 3.23.2 (09 Aug 1999)
    • D.4.60 Changes in release 3.23.1
    • D.4.61 Changes in release 3.23.0 (05 Aug 1999: Alpha)
  • D.5 Changes in release 3.22.x (Old; discontinued)
    • D.5.1 Changes in release 3.22.35
    • D.5.2 Changes in release 3.22.34
    • D.5.3 Changes in release 3.22.33
    • D.5.4 Changes in release 3.22.32 (14 Feb 2000)
    • D.5.5 Changes in release 3.